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ESL (English As A Second Language)

ESL research guide to help you navigate the library resources (books, articles, databases) and cite sources.

Further reading

Helpful Resources for MLA

In-Text Citations

In-text citation - a short note embedded in the text of your paper in which you acknowledge the source of quotations or paraphrases of someone else's words. Some common formats of MLA style parenthetical documentation are shown below:

  1. Usually, the author's last name and a page reference are enough to identify the source and the specific location from which you have borrowed material:

"The stories in the Panchatantra originated in India, many going back to the second century B.C." (Chaitanya 361).

  1. When the author or work is mentioned in the text immediately prior to the quotation, a simple page reference is sufficient:

It may be true, as Robertson maintains, that "in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance . . ." (136).

  1. When you are using several works by the same author and have mentioned the author immediately prior to the quotation, indicate the short form of the source’s title and the page number:

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" ("Redefining" 194).

  1. When you are using several works by the same author, but have not mentioned the author in the text immediately prior to the quotation, indicate the author’s name, the short form of the source’s title, and the page number:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron, "Redefining" 194).

  1. If you use a quotation of more than four typed lines, set it off from the text by beginning a new line, indenting one inch or ten spaces from the left margin, and typing it double-spaced, without adding quotation marks:

At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

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